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psychoanalytic theory
Psychoanalytic theory is the theory of personality organization and the dynamics of personality development that guides psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology (Makworo, 2013). First laid out by Sigmund Freud in the late 19th century, psychoanalytic theory has undergone many refinements since his work. Psychoanalytic theory came to full prominence in the last third of the twentieth century as part of the flow of critical discourse regarding psychological treatments after the 1960s, long after Freud's death in 1939,〔Tere sa de Lauretis, ''Freud's Drive'' (Basingstoke 2008) p. 3〕 and its validity is now widely disputed or rejected.〔Blumenthal, Ralph.("Did Freud's Isolation Lead Him to Reverse Theory on Neurosis?" ) ''New York Times'', 25 August 1981〕〔Miller, Alice. ''Thou Shalt Not Be Aware, Society's Betrayal of the Child'' New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1984, pp. 105–227〕〔Kupfersmid, Joel. Abstract (''Does the Oedipus complex exist?'' ), American Psychological Association, 1995〕〔Rubin, Jeffrey. (''The Real Oedipus Complex'' ), Psychology Today, 1 May 2012〕 Freud had ceased his analysis of the brain and his physiological studies and shifted his focus to the study of the mind and the related psychological attributes making up the mind, and on treatment using free association and the phenomena of transference. His study emphasized the recognition of childhood events that could potentially influence the mental functioning of adults. His examination of the genetic and then the developmental aspects gave the psychoanalytic theory its characteristics.〔Tyson, Phyllis. (2002). The challenges of psychoanalytic developmental theory. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 50, 19-52.〕 Starting with his publication of ''The Interpretation of Dreams'' in 1899, his theories began to gain prominence.
==Terminology and definition==
Both ''psychoanalytic'' and ''psychoanalytical'' are used in English. The latter is the older term, and at first simply meant 'relating to the analysis of the human psyche'. But with the emergence of psychoanalysis as a distinct clinical practice, both terms came to describe that. Although both are still used, today, the normal adjective is ''psychoanalytic''.〔"psychoanalytical, adj. (and n.)." and "psychoanalytic, adj." OED Online. Oxford University Press, June 2015. Web. 7 September 2015.〕
Psychoanalysis is defined in the ''Oxford English Dictonary'' as
A therapeutic method, originated by Sigmund Freud, for treating mental disorders by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the patient's mind and bringing repressed fears and conflicts into the conscious mind, using techniques such as dream interpretation and free association. Also: a system of psychological theory associated with this method.〔"psychoanalysis, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press, June 2015. Web. 7 September 2015.〕
Through the scope of a psychoanalytic lens, humans are described as having sexual and aggressive drives. Psychoanalytic theorists believe that human behavior is deterministic. It is governed by irrational forces, and the unconscious, as well instinctual and biological drives. Due to this deterministic nature, psychoanalytic theorists do not believe in free will.〔Friedman, H. W., & Schustack, M. W. (2011). Personality: Classics theories and modern research. (5th Edition). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.〕
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